Leilão.
O leilão é o método padrão de alocação de subsídios no sistema de comércio de emissões da UE (EU ETS). Isso significa que as empresas precisam comprar uma proporção crescente de subsídios através de leilões.
Em 2018, mais de 40% dos subsídios foram leiloados. Durante o período de 2018 a 2020, a participação vendida será maior: estima-se que até metade dos subsídios podem ser leiloados.
Os Estados-Membros geraram quase 15,8 mil milhões de euros do leilão de subsídios do EEE no período 2018-2018. Com base nas informações mais recentes disponíveis, mais de 80% dessas receitas foram utilizadas ou estão previstas para fins climáticos e energéticos, de acordo com o artigo 10 (3) da Diretiva ETS.
O leilão é o método de alocação mais transparente e coloca em prática o princípio que o poluidor deve pagar.
Duas plataformas de leilões estão no lugar:
O European Energy Exchange (EEX) em Leipzig é a plataforma comum para a grande maioria dos países que participam no ETS da UE. A EEX também atua como plataforma de leilões da Alemanha. A segunda plataforma de leilões é ICE Futures Europe (ICE) em Londres, que atua como plataforma do Reino Unido.
Um processo aberto, transparente, harmonizado e não discriminatório.
O leilão de licenças é regido pelo Regulamento de leilão EU ETS. Isso abrange o calendário, a administração e outros aspectos do leilão para garantir que ele seja conduzido de forma aberta, transparente, harmonizada e não discriminatória.
O Regulamento de Leilão visa colocar em prática uma série de critérios que a Diretiva ETS revisada da UE estabelece que os leilões devem atender, como previsibilidade, eficiência de custos, acesso justo aos leilões e acesso simultâneo a informações relevantes para todos os operadores.
O leilão compartilha para aumentar a cada ano em 2018 até 2020.
Em setores diferentes da geração de energia, uma transição para o leilão ocorre progressivamente. A indústria de manufatura recebeu 80% de suas licenças gratuitamente em 2018, mas isso diminuirá anualmente para 30% em 2020, exceto para setores considerados expostos a vazamentos de carbono. Os subsídios não alocados gratuitamente devem ser leiloados. Dado o peso significativo da geração de energia no RCLE da UE, e mesmo com a dotação parcial gratuita em oito Estados-Membros, mais de 40% das licenças de emissão anuais de 2018 foram leiloadas. Essa participação aumentará nos anos seguintes, já que o volume de licenças alocadas para livre diminui mais rápido do que o limite.
No total, a Comissão estima que 57% do montante total das licenças serão vendidas em leilão entre 2018-2020, enquanto as restantes licenças estão disponíveis para alocação gratuita. A proposta da Comissão para a revisão da Directiva EU ETS prevê que a parte das licenças de emissão a serem leiloadas continuará a ser a mesma após 2020. No segundo período comercial (2008-2018), não mais de 4% dos subsídios foram leiloados. No setor de aviação, 15% das licenças em circulação serão leiloadas.
No contexto do quadro climático e energético de 2030, os líderes da UE decidiram em outubro de 2018 que a alocação gratuita não expira, mas a participação das licenças a serem leiloadas não vai diminuir durante a próxima década. As informações mais recentes sobre os montantes exatos a serem leilados podem ser encontradas nos sites das plataformas de leilões e na página de FAQ.
Participações dos Estados-Membros no volume de leilão.
Nos termos do n. º 1 do artigo 10.º da Directiva ETS,
88% dos subsídios a serem leiloados em 2018 até 2020 são distribuídos aos Estados-Membros da UE com base na sua parcela de emissões verificadas provenientes de instalações do ETS da UE em 2005 ou a média do período 2005-2007, qualquer que seja o mais alto; 10% são atribuídos aos países menos abastados da UE como uma fonte adicional de receitas para ajudá-los a investir na redução da intensidade de carbono de suas economias e na adaptação às mudanças climáticas; Os 2% restantes são dados como um "bônus de Quioto" para nove Estados-Membros da UE que, em 2005, reduziram suas emissões de gases de efeito estufa em pelo menos 20% dos níveis em seu ano ou período de base. Estes são a Bulgária, República Checa, Estónia, Hungria, Letónia, Lituânia, Polônia, Romênia e Eslováquia.
Os líderes da UE decidiram que, durante a próxima década.
90% dos subsídios a serem leilados serão distribuídos aos Estados-Membros da UE com base na sua quota de emissões verificadas e 10% serão atribuídos aos Estados-Membros menos abastados para fins de solidariedade, crescimento e interconexões.
Os três países EEE-EFTA também licitarão licenças de acordo com os mesmos princípios que os Estados-Membros da UE.
Pelo menos metade das receitas de leilão a serem utilizadas para fins relacionados ao clima e à energia.
A Directiva revisada do RCLE da UE prevê que pelo menos 50% das receitas de leilão ou o equivalente em valor financeiro destas receitas sejam utilizados pelos Estados-Membros para fins relacionados com o clima e a energia.
Nos termos do Regulamento do Mecanismo de Acompanhamento, os Estados-Membros devem apresentar um relatório anual (pela primeira vez até 31 de Julho de 2018) sobre os montantes e o uso das receitas geradas (artigo 17.º do Regulamento (UE) n. º 525/2018 do Parlamento Europeu e de o Conselho de 21 de maio de 2018).
Em 2018, as receitas totais para a UE atingiram € 3,6 bilhões. Deste modo, cerca de 3 mil milhões de euros serão utilizados para fins relacionados com o clima e a energia, tais como a eficiência energética, as energias renováveis, a investigação e o transporte sustentável - significativamente mais do que o nível de 50% recomendado na Directiva EU ETS.
Mais informações sobre o uso de receitas de leilão podem ser encontradas no relatório de 2018 sobre Progresso para alcançar os objetivos de Quioto e da UE 2020.
Plataforma de leilão comum.
O Regulamento de leilão prevê que os Estados-Membros e a Comissão procurem conjuntamente uma plataforma comum para licenças de emissão de leilão em nome dos Estados-Membros.
Esta é a abordagem mais eficiente em termos de custos para os Estados-Membros e os licitantes. A Comissão considera que uma plataforma comum também garante melhor o respeito dos princípios de não discriminação, transparência e simplicidade, proporciona as melhores garantias para o acesso completo, justo e equitativo às pequenas e médias empresas e aos pequenos emissores abrangidos pelo ETS da UE e melhor minimiza o risco de abuso de mercado.
Na sequência de um concurso público no âmbito de um acordo conjunto de contratos públicos, a Comissão e 25 Estados-Membros voltaram a nomear a European Europe Energy Exchange (EEX) e o seu sistema de compensação, o European Commodity Clearing (ECC) como plataforma comum de leilões para estes Estados-Membros. Os três estados EEE-EFTA também contratarão o EEX para o leilão de seus subsídios.
O contrato com a EEX entrou em vigor em 13 de julho de 2018. Informações sobre o procedimento correspondente podem ser encontradas na página da DG CLIMA sobre contratos públicos.
Plataformas de leilões para a Alemanha, Polônia, Reino Unido.
Os Estados-Membros têm o direito de optar por sair da plataforma comum e nomear a sua própria plataforma de leilões. Alemanha, Polônia e Reino Unido decidiram fazê-lo.
A Alemanha designou a EEX como plataforma de leilões. O Reino Unido designou a ICE Futures Europe (ICE) em Londres como plataforma de leilões. Estas nomeações foram aprovadas através de alterações ao Regulamento de leilão após verificação pela Comissão de que as plataformas satisfazem as regras do regulamento e os objectivos da Directiva ETS.
Na ausência de uma lista de leilões opt-out, a Polônia contratou a EEX na sua capacidade de plataforma de leilão comum para leilão em seu nome enquanto aguarda essa listagem.
Monitor de leilão.
A Comissão e todos os Estados-Membros também dispõem de um acordo conjunto de contratos públicos para a nomeação de um monitor de leilões para acompanhar e informar sobre os leilões realizados em todas as plataformas, conforme estabelecido no artigo 25 do Regulamento de leilão.
Dois procedimentos de adjudicação foram lançados em 2018 e 2018, respectivamente, mas o contrato não pode ser adjudicado. Mais informações podem ser encontradas na página de contratos e concessões. A Comissão e os Estados-Membros estão actualmente a avaliar as suas opções.
Procedimentos conjuntos de aquisição.
Os acordos conjuntos de contratos públicos entre a Comissão e os Estados-Membros estabelecem as regras em que conduzem os procedimentos comuns de adjudicação de contratos. Os procedimentos são conduzidos em conformidade com as regras do Regulamento Financeiro, o quadro jurídico padrão para os procedimentos de adjudicação realizados pela Comissão.
Para terceiros, a Comissão é o único ponto de contacto para informações relativas aos procedimentos de adjudicação conjunta. Todas as informações relevantes serão fornecidas no devido tempo e no pleno respeito do princípio do acesso não discriminatório à informação. Veja a nota informativa da Comissão sobre este assunto.
Os anúncios de contrato são sempre publicados no Tender Electronic Daily (TED), a versão eletrônica do suplemento S ao Jornal Oficial da União Européia. Os documentos de concurso serão disponibilizados no devido tempo. Os documentos de concurso em licitações passadas e em curso são acessíveis através das páginas de contratos e subsídios.
Informações relevantes para plataformas de leilões de candidatos e participantes potenciais nos leilões.
Os Estados-Membros podem ter que alterar as suas leis nacionais para implementar certos artigos do Regulamento de leilão para permitir que potenciais candidatos participem no processo de adjudicação para a nomeação de plataformas de leilões e para executar o contrato resultante.
Do mesmo modo, os Estados-Membros podem ter que alterar as suas leis nacionais para permitir que certas categorias de empresas solicitem a admissão para licitação nos leilões ou para permitir que determinadas categorias de empresas ofereçam em nome de clientes.
As informações sobre a implementação de tais disposições pelos Estados Membros estão disponíveis na guia de documentação.
Relatórios de leilão.
Leilões pela plataforma comum de leilões.
Relatórios mais antigos.
Leilões para a Alemanha.
Relatórios mais antigos.
Leilões para o Reino Unido.
Relatórios mais antigos.
Por favor, note que a Comissão não é responsável pelo conteúdo dos relatórios elaborados pela Alemanha e pelo Reino Unido.
Regulamento de leilão e acordos conjuntos de contratos públicos.
Regulamento de leilão e avaliação de impacto.
19/10/2017 - Regulamento (UE) 2017/1902 da Comissão que altera o Regulamento (UE) n. º 1031/2018 da Comissão para alinhar o leilão de licenças de emissão com a Decisão (UE) 2018/1814 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e para listar uma Plataforma de leilão a ser designada pelo Reino Unido 25/02/2018 - Regulamento de leilão consolidado 25/02/2018 - Regulamento da Comissão nº 176/2018 que altera o Regulamento (UE) nº 1031/2018, em particular para determinar os volumes de emissão de gases de efeito estufa licenças de emissão a serem leiloadas em 2018-2020 13/11/2018 - Regulamento (UE) no 1143/2018 da Comissão - Alteração do Regulamento (UE) n. º 1031/2018 sobre o calendário, a administração e outros aspectos do leilão de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa de acordo com Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade, em particular, para listar uma plataforma de leilões a designar pela Alemanha Texto relevante para efeitos do EEE 07/11/2018 - Commissi no Regulamento (UE) n. º 1042/2018 que altera o Regulamento (UE) n. º 1031/2018 para listar uma plataforma de leilões a designar pelo Reino Unido 31/08/2018 - Regulamento (UE) 784/2018 da Comissão - Regulamento de alteração (UE) No 1031/2018 para listar uma plataforma de leilão a ser nomeada pela Alemanha e corrigir o n. º 7 do artigo 59.º 12/11/2018 - Regulamento (UE) n. º 1031/2018 da Comissão - Timing, administração e outros aspectos do leilão de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa subsídios nos termos da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade ("Regulamento de leilão"), com a redacção que lhe foi dada pelo Regulamento (UE) n. º 1210/2018 da Comissão, de 23 / 11/2018 08/02/2018 - SEC (2018) - Regulamento de leilão: avaliação de impacto - resumo executivo.
Acordos conjuntos de contratos públicos.
09/11/2018 - Acordo Conjunto de Contratos Públicos para adquirir plataformas de leilões comuns 09/11/2018 - Acordo Conjunto de Aquisições para adquirir um monitor de leilão.
Transparência, implementação do Regulamento de leilão pelos Estados-Membros.
03/11/2018 - Nota informativa da Comissão Europeia sobre os contactos com operadores económicos ou os seus representantes para assuntos relacionados com o Procedimento Comum de Adjudicação para adquirir plataformas de leilões comuns e um monitor de leilão 05/10/2018 - Lista de Leiloeiros nomeados pelos Estados-Membros nos termos do n. º 1 do artigo 22.º do Regulamento n. º 1031/2018 da Comissão 20/06/2018 - Informação sobre a aplicação dos n. ºs 2 e 3 do artigo 18.º do Regulamento de leilão pelos Estados-Membros e pelos Estados EEE-EFTA 20 / 06/2018 - Informações sobre a aplicação dos artigos 35.º, 36.º, 43.º, 55.º e 64.º do Regulamento de leilão pelos Estados-Membros 26/07/2018 - Aviso de transparência da Comissão sobre a aplicação de determinados artigos do Regulamento de leilão e medidas de transparência no que se refere aos documentos relativos ao convite à apresentação de propostas.
Uso de receitas de leilão.
03/2017 - Análise do uso das receitas de leilões pelos Estados Membros 28/10/2018 - 2018 Relatório de Progresso de Quioto e 2020 (anexo) 12/12/2008 - Conclusões da Presidência do Conselho Europeu (11 e 12 de dezembro de 2008) 12/12/2008 - Declaração do Conselho Europeu sobre a utilização das receitas de leilões 23/11/2006 - 2006/803 / CE - Decisão da Comissão de 23 de Novembro de 2006 que altera a Decisão 2005/381 / CE que estabelece um questionário para a apresentação de relatórios sobre a aplicação da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera as perguntas frequentes da Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho.
Abra todas as perguntas.
Perguntas e Respostas: Leilão.
Quantas subsídios serão leiloados em anos individuais até 2020?
A Directiva ETS contém o princípio geral de que todos os subsídios não atribuídos gratuitamente são leiloados. Os volumes anuais de licenças gerais a serem leiloados eo tempo e frequência dos leilões estão regulados no Capítulo III e os volumes de licenças de aviação no Capítulo II do Regulamento de leilão.
No considerando 26 da Decisão 2018/448 / UE, de 5 de setembro de 2018, sobre as medidas nacionais de execução em matéria de atribuição gratuita, a Comissão estimou, nos termos do n. º 1 do artigo 10.º da Directiva 2003/87 / CE (Directiva ETS) o montante das licenças gerais a serem leiloadas no período de 2018 a 2020 em 8.176.193.157. Esse montante pode ser dividido da seguinte forma e é usado na determinação dos calendários de leilões anuais:
volumes a atribuir gratuitamente de acordo com o artigo 10º-C da Directiva ETS. tendo em conta os subsídios retidos para efeitos de recarga, nos termos do Regulamento (UE) no 176/2018, de 25 de fevereiro de 2018, e deve ser colocado diretamente na Reserva de Estabilidade do Mercado nos termos do no 2 do artigo 1.o da Decisão (UE) 2018/1814 (decisão MSR) de 6 de outubro de 2018. volume para leilões antecipados, levados em consideração nos anos subsequentes. Os números para 2019 ainda não incorporam novos ajustamentos aos montantes a serem leilados nos termos do n. º 5 do artigo 1.º, do n. º 1 do artigo 6.º e do n. º 1 do artigo 7.º da Decisão (UE) 2018/1814 (Decisão MSR) de 6 de outubro de 2018. Com base no montante estimado dos subsídios excedentários mencionados no considerando 5 da Decisão MSR, espera-se que a aplicação destes artigos resulte em um ajustamento que consista em deduções adicionais do volume de licenças a serem leiloadas. volume cumulativo retido de acordo com os calendários de leilões publicados pendentes do início dos leilões para os Estados EEE-EFTA. Os volumes para esses Estados serão adicionados em calendários de leilões relevantes a partir da conclusão dos arranjos necessários para o leilão e a tabela será adaptada em conformidade. nos termos do n. º 2 do artigo 1.º da Decisão (UE) 2018/1814 (Decisão MSR) de 6 de Outubro de 2018. A diferença com o total da coluna anterior é igual ao volume dos volumes não atribuídos do Artigo 10c que são adicionados ao leilões a partir de 2018 (7.809.757 subsídios em 2018, 8.451.400 subsídios em 2018, 5.138.654 subsídios em 2017 e 5.641.832 em 2018) e a correção de alocações a serem alocadas gratuitamente (e, portanto, deduzidas do volume de leilões) para pequenos emissores reintroduzidos no ETS nos termos do artigo 27.º da Directiva ETS (74.507 subsídios para 2017 e 49.561 subsídios para 2018). O montante publicado nos calendários de leilão, conforme indicado no quadro acima, inclui os volumes (14.986.000 para 2018 e 70.891.000 para 2017) a serem vendidos pela Polônia em 2017, fazendo uso da plataforma comum de leilões de acordo com o segundo parágrafo do Artigo 30 (7) bem como o volume do leilão de um leilão cancelado em dezembro de 2018.
Os números de 2018 a 2018 representam os volumes leiloados ou a serem leilados de acordo com os calendários de leilões publicados, incluindo volumes indicativos. Além disso, os volumes de 2018 incluem o volume de 101.053.000 subsídios que se espera que sejam vendidos pelo Reino Unido a partir da publicação do calendário de leilões de 2018. O volume de 2018 foi determinado com base em uma estimativa de trabalho conservadora na ausência da informação final sobre a alocação gratuita. Além disso, certos Estados não completaram as etapas administrativas para permitir o leilão no tempo e, portanto, seus volumes foram retidos. O volume acumulado acumulado de 34,064,126 subsídios pendentes no início dos leilões para os Estados EEE-EFTA está incluído separadamente no quadro. No momento da publicação dos calendários de leilões de 2018, as 937 557 000 licenças a serem leiloadas ou esperadas para serem leiloadas em 2018, mais o volume acumulado acumulado de 41 982 348 subsídios totalizaram 979 539 348 subsídios. Isto não prejudica o calendário e as modalidades de leilão dos volumes retidos que serão anunciados oportunamente. Os números para 2019 representam os volumes estimados a serem leilados e sem prejuízo de qualquer ajuste que possa ser necessário, inclusive da aplicação da Reserva de Estabilidade do Mercado a partir de 2019. A partir da entrada em vigor do Regulamento (UE) no 1210/2018 da Comissão (Regulamento de Backloading), de 23 de novembro de 2018, que altera o Regulamento de leilão para adiar o leilão de uma parte das licenças no âmbito do "back-loading", foram retidos 400 milhões de licenças de emissão em 2018, 300 milhões em 2018 e 200 milhões em 2018. Em 2018, o montante total de 400 milhões de subsídios retidos foi distribuído por Estado-Membro / EEE e os volumes de 2018 foram reduzidos pelos volumes correspondentes. Para Chipre e a Polónia, dada a atribuição de licenças gratuitas de acordo com o artigo 10º-C da Directiva ETS, os volumes em 2018 a serem leiloados eram inferiores aos volumes a reter para efeitos de carregamento, pelo que um ajustamento correspondente é efectuado posteriormente anos, conforme previsto no Regulamento Alteração. O ajuste é de 738.500 subsídios para Chipre e 6.196.500 subsídios para a Polônia. Para a Polónia, este ajustamento foi feito completamente em 2018. Para Chipre, levando em consideração o ajuste acima mencionado e os volumes de 2018 e 2018 retidos para fins de carregamento, não são alocadas licenças em 2018 nem 2018 e 246.644 subsídios retidos em 2017. Nos termos do no 2 do artigo 1.o da Decisão (UE) 2018/1814 (Decisão MSR) de 6 de Outubro, os 900 milhões de licenças de retenção para efeitos de carregamento serão directamente colocados na Reserva de Estabilidade do Mercado. O montante estimado da Comissão, determinado no considerando 26 da Decisão 2018/448 / UE de 5 de Setembro de 2018 (Decisão NIM), tem em conta todas as licenças de emissão entregues gratuitamente, incluindo as relativas aos investimentos de modernização planejados no sector da electricidade em 8 Estados-Membros e baseia-se na lista de vazamento de carbono válida nesse momento. Nos termos do n. º 3 do artigo 1.º da Decisão (UE) 2018/1814 (Decisão MSR) de 6 de Outubro de 2018, os volumes resultantes do motivo enunciado no n. º 2, n. ° 2, do Regulamento de leilão (denominado «não atribuído») subsídios ") serão colocados diretamente na Reserva de Estabilidade do Mercado. De acordo com o Regulamento de Leilão e, conforme especificado nos contratos resultantes, qualquer diferença entre os volumes determinados nos calendários de leilão e os valores determinados de acordo com o Artigo 10 (1) da Diretiva ETS, devido à estimativa ou retenção de subsídios para certos Estados, é adicionado ao volume a ser leiloado no ano subsequente. Os volumes previstos para a atribuição gratuita nos termos do artigo 10.º-C da Directiva ETS que não foram atribuídos em anos anteriores pelo Estado-Membro em causa (por exemplo, se os investimentos previstos no plano nacional e que justificam a atribuição não foram efectuados) são para serem leiloados. Por conseguinte, os volumes notificados pelo Estado-Membro em causa são adicionados ao calendário de leilão do ano seguinte, a partir de 2018. As deduções a atribuir gratuitamente a pequenos emissores reintroduzidas no RCLE, nos termos do artigo 27.º da Directiva ETS, são deduzidas a partir do volume de leilões dos respectivos Estados-Membros, conforme notificado pelo Estado-Membro e incluído na respectiva Tabela Nacional de Alocação, a partir de 2017. O montante a ser leiloado ou retido a cada ano por Estado-Membro / EEA-EFTA é arredondado para um múltiplo de 500 subsídios por estado; o valor restante será transferido para o próximo ano. Por conseguinte, os volumes para 2019 são indicativos e os volumes finais dependem de ajustamentos relacionados com a atribuição gratuita, reintroduções de pequenos emissores, nos termos do artigo 27.º da Directiva ETS, volumes retidos ou remanescentes. Um cálculo preciso é feito anualmente, que é publicado pelas plataformas de leilão através dos calendários do leilão, que são os únicos documentos válidos com volumes definitivos a serem leilados por ano.
15% das licenças de aviação da UE para o terceiro período de negociação serão leiloadas nos termos do artigo 3d da Directiva ETS. O Regulamento de Leilão especifica ainda, nos n. ºs 1 e 2 do artigo 12.º, que os volumes a serem leiloados anualmente serão de 15% do volume esperado de licenças de aviação em circulação para esse ano. Caso o volume de leilão de um determinado ano seja mais ou menos de 15% do volume efetivamente colocado em circulação nesse ano, o volume a ser leiloado nos anos subseqüentes é corrigido pela diferença.
O volume dos subsídios de aviação a serem leiloados é ainda determinado em conformidade com as derrogações previstas na Decisão no 377/2018 / UE e no Regulamento (UE) n. º 421/2018 e com base no número final de licenças de aviação inserido circulação para 2018 e uma estimativa do número de licenças de aviação a serem entregues de graça para 2018 a 2018.
Em 2018, vinte mil milhões de licenças de aviação foram leiloadas, antes da Decisão no 377/2018 / UE (decisão de parada) e os leilões foram retomados em 2018 com um volume de 9,2 milhões, seguido de 16,4 milhões em 2018. Em 2018 5.997.500 subsídios de aviação foram leiloados, com base em uma estimativa das licenças de aviação esperadas em circulação para 2018 estabelecidas com base nas Tabelas de Alocação de Aviação Nacional na época da determinação do calendário e uma correção positiva de 343.350 subsídios de aviação para 2018 e 2018 de acordo com Artigos 12.º, n. ºs 1 e 2, da Directiva ETS.
Para 2017, 4.730.500 licenças de aviação serão leiloadas a partir de setembro. Este volume é calculado em conformidade com a Directiva ETS e em conformidade com a proposta da Comissão que revisa o âmbito de aplicação do RCLE-UE para a aviação. Referência legal: n. º 3 do artigo 28.º-A e proposta da Comissão COM (2017) 54, que tem em conta o resultado de a Assembléia da OACI de 2018.
O cálculo do volume do leilão baseia-se nas licenças de aviação emitidas gratuitamente para 2017 e leva em conta as licenças emitidas a partir da reserva especial para operadores de aeronaves novos e de rápido crescimento, bem como correções para exercícios anteriores (a partir de 1 de maio 2017). Referência legal: artigos 12 (1) e (2) do Regulamento de leilão para as correções entre as emissões esperadas e reais de 2018 a 2018.
O volume de licenças de aviação para os Estados EEE-EFTA é retido na pendência do início dos leilões para estes Estados, correspondendo a um montante acumulado de 1,3 milhões de licenças de aviação para o período 2018-2017.
Os calendários do leilão com datas exatas e volumes de licenças gerais e subsídios de aviação a serem leilados no ano em curso são publicados pelas plataformas de leilão:
Quantos subsídios cada Estado-Membro terá em leilão?
Todas as licenças que não são atribuídas gratuitamente são leiloadas. Nos termos do no 2 do artigo 10.o da Directiva ETS, 88% dos subsídios de leilão são distribuídos aos Estados-Membros com base em emissões do RCLE da UE em 2005 ou a média do período 2005-2007, o que for mais elevado. 10% dos subsídios são distribuídos aos Estados-Membros mais pobres para ter em conta o menor PIB per capita e maiores perspectivas de crescimento e emissões. Outros 2% dos subsídios são distribuídos para nove Estados-Membros, que em 2005 atingiram uma redução de pelo menos 20% nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa em relação ao ano de referência estabelecido pelo Protocolo de Quioto.
Para alguns Estados, as etapas administrativas para permitir o leilão dos subsídios não foram concluídas a tempo, e os volumes esperados foram retidos e incluídos nos volumes a serem leilados nos anos subseqüentes. Isto dizia respeito a alguns Estados-Membros, tal como indicado no quadro abaixo, e diz respeito actualmente aos Estados EEE-EFTA.
A tabela abaixo apresenta uma visão geral das datas a partir das quais os Estados membros e os países da EFTA do EEE iniciaram o leilão das licenças de fase 3:
Os calendários de leilões com datas exatas e volumes de licenças gerais e subsídios de aviação a serem leilados por Estado-Membro no ano em curso são publicados pelas plataformas de leilões:
Quando e com que frequência as licenças são leiloadas?
As informações sobre o tempo, a frequência e o volume por leilão são publicadas pelas plataformas de leilões através dos calendários do leilão no devido tempo antes do início dos leilões.
Onde os dados dos leilões podem ser encontrados?
Os calendários de leilões com datas e volumes exactos de licenças gerais e licenças de aviação a serem leiloadas por Estado-Membro no ano em curso são publicados pelas plataformas de leilões. Além disso, eles publicam informações sobre os resultados do leilão após cada leilão:
Os relatórios de leilões publicados nos termos do n. º 4 do artigo 10.º da Directiva 2003/87 / CE incluem mais detalhes sobre os leilões para os 25 Estados-Membros participantes, a Polónia, o Reino Unido e a Alemanha.
Quantas plataformas de leilões estão licitando subsídios?
O Regulamento de leilão prevê uma plataforma comum de leilões, mas dá aos Estados-Membros a possibilidade de desativar e nomear sua própria plataforma de leilões. Alemanha, Polônia e Reino Unido usaram esta opção.
No momento, duas plataformas são leilões de licenças sob o Regulamento de Leilão:
O intercâmbio europeu de energia (EEX) em Leipzig é a plataforma comum de leilões utilizada por 25 Estados-Membros, na sequência de um procedimento de adjudicação junto com a Comissão; A EEX também serve como plataforma de leilão de exclusão da Alemanha; ICE Futures Europe (ICE) em Londres é a plataforma de leilões de exclusão do Reino Unido.
A Polônia também pretende nomear uma plataforma de leilão de exclusão, mas usa a plataforma comum de leilões entretanto.
Os Estados EEE-EFTA serão leiloados também na plataforma comum de leilões.
A maioria esmagadora das partes interessadas, a grande maioria dos Estados-Membros e a avaliação de impacto da Comissão apoiam uma plataforma única de leilões à escala da UE, na medida em que melhor atendem a todos os objectivos estabelecidos no RCLE UE revisto: é mais rentável, mais transparente, melhor garante o respeito do princípio da não discriminação e oferece o maior nível de harmonização e previsibilidade em relação ao leilão através de duas ou mais plataformas de leilões nacionais paralelas.
As plataformas de leilão de exclusão devem estar em conformidade com o quadro estabelecido no Regulamento de leilão, que prevê regras adicionais para assegurar uma coordenação adequada entre as plataformas de leilões de exclusão e a plataforma comum de leilões.
A duração máxima do compromisso para qualquer plataforma de leilão é de cinco anos. EEX foi nomeado como a plataforma de leilão comum de transição por três anos. O contrato foi renovado por um ano adicional, até agosto de 2018. Em julho de 2018, após um processo de adjudicação conjunta com a Comissão e os Estados membros participantes, a EEX foi nomeada como uma plataforma comum de leilões por um período de até cinco anos.
O EEX também foi contratado como plataforma da Alemanha. Seu primeiro compromisso foi até dezembro de 2018; A segunda consulta é de três anos, renovável por mais dois anos; em maio de 2018, o contrato foi prorrogado até novembro de 2018. A ICE foi contratada em novembro de 2018 como plataforma do Reino Unido por três anos, renovável por dois anos mais; Em março de 2018, o contrato foi prorrogado até novembro de 2017.
Uma vez que a coexistência da plataforma comum de leilões e as plataformas de leilões opt-out inevitavelmente implicam uma harmonização inferior ao total do processo de leilão, os arranjos previstos no Regulamento de Leilão serão revistos à luz do relatório sobre os leilões realizados em 2018 A revisão do Regulamento de Leilão será realizada em consulta com os Estados Membros e as partes interessadas.
Perguntas e Respostas: Leilão e sua regulamentação.
O que mudará após 2020?
No contexto do quadro climático e energético de 2030, os líderes europeus decidiram em outubro de 2018 que a alocação gratuita continuará após 2020 para evitar o risco de vazamento de carbono devido à política climática, desde que não sejam realizados esforços comparáveis em outras grandes economias, com a objetivo de fornecer níveis adequados de suporte para setores em risco de perda de competitividade internacional. No entanto, a participação das licenças a serem leiloadas não diminuirá.
Os Estados-Membros com um PIB per capita inferior a 60% da média da UE podem optar por continuar a dar subsídios gratuitos ao sector da energia até 2030. No entanto, o montante máximo entregue gratuitamente deve ser limitado e as modalidades actuais, incluindo a transparência, melhorou para garantir que os fundos sejam utilizados para promover investimentos reais que modernizem o setor de energia, evitando distorções do mercado interno de energia.
Em termos de participação dos Estados-Membros no volume de leilões, 90% das licenças a serem leiloadas serão distribuídas entre todos os Estados-Membros com base em emissões verificadas. O resto será distribuído entre os países cujo PIB per capita não excedeu 90% da média da UE (em 2018) para fins de solidariedade, crescimento e interconexões.
Por que as licenças são leiloadas?
Com o início do terceiro período de negociação em 2018, o leilão está a substituir progressivamente a atribuição gratuita como o principal método de atribuição de licenças para todos os sectores da EU ETS, com excepção da aviação. This best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investment in a low-carbon economy. Auctioning will also eliminate windfall profits, which arise when operators charge their customers the cost of allowances they have received for free.
Why is an Auctioning Regulation necessary?
The revised EU ETS Directive adopted in 2009 required the European Commission to adopt a Regulation on the timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning to ensure that auctioning is conducted in an open, transparent, harmonised and non-discriminatory manner. This must support the overarching aims of the revision of the EU ETS, namely greater efficiency of the system, more harmonisation, avoidance of distortion of competition and greater predictability. All these objectives would be at risk without appropriate rules.
The importance of these rules is underpinned by their legal form: a Regulation is the strongest form of EU legislation and its rules are directly applicable in all Member States.
The Auctioning Regulation was adopted by the Commission on 12 November 2018.
How do the auctions work in practice?
The auction format is a single-round, sealed bid, uniform price auction. This is a simple auction format that facilitates participation, including by SMEs and small emitters covered by the ETS Directive.
During a single bidding window of the auction, bidders can place any number of bids, each specifying the number of allowances they would like to buy at a given price. The bidding window is open for at least two hours. Directly following the closure of the bidding window, the auction platform determines and publishes the clearing price at which demand for allowances equals the number of allowances offered for sale in the auction concerned.
Successful bidders are the ones who have placed bids for allowances at or above the clearing price. All successful bidders pay the same price, regardless of the price they specified in their bids.
Articles 7(8), 9 and 32(5) of the Auctioning Regulation define provisions on cancellation of auctions and spreading of the corresponding volumes over subsequent auctions so as to ensure a predictable and smooth repartition of any volumes from cancelled auctions without significant increases of individual auction volumes.
In this respect, should a cancellation occur for an auction which is not consecutive to previous cancellation(s) but already includes adjustments from such cancellation(s), the spreading of the volume cancelled in line with the aforementioned provisions would take place as from the first auction which is not subject to other adjustments due to previous cancellation(s).
What products are auctioned?
The Auctioning Regulation provides for allowances to be auctioned in the form of spot products, which means delivery within a maximum of five working days after the auction. The auctioned product may or may not be a financial instrument in the meaning of the EU regulatory framework for markets in financial instruments. The products auctioned by EEX and ICE are not such financial instruments; exact product specifications are available on the auctioning webpages of EEX and ICE.
Spot products have been chosen for their simplicity and because, unlike futures, they do not lock in the trading of the auctioned allowances to the auction platform(s), which could have a potentially negative impact on competition between trading places in the secondary market.
Who can bid in the auctions?
Auctions are held by auction platforms appointed by national governments but each auction is open to buyers established anywhere in the EU and the EEA-EFTA. The following are eligible to apply for admission to bid in the auctions:
ETS operators and aviation operators, and their parent, subsidiary or affiliate undertakings. Business groupings of operators or aircraft operators acting as an agent on behalf of their members. The concept of "business grouping" requires the existence of a multi-lateral legal relationship between several ETS operators and/or aircraft operators such as a partnership, joint venture or association of such operators and/or aircraft operators. The business grouping must have its own (incorporated or unincorporated) legal identity and statute which clearly indicates that the business grouping is controlled by ETS operators and/or aircraft operators. For bidding in the auctions directly on its own account and acting as an agent on behalf of its members, the business grouping could employ the services of in-house or outside traders who must be natural persons acting as the bidder's representative. Public bodies or state-owned entities that control ETS operators or aviation operators. Investment firms and credit institutions authorised and regulated under EU law. Once admitted, they can bid on their own account. They may also bid on behalf of clients provided that they are authorised to do so by the national competent authority. Such authorisation must be valid with respect to the auctioned products which, as currently auctioned by EEX and ICE, do not constitute a financial instrument under EU legislation for financial markets. Information on the implementation by Member States of the provisions in the Auctioning Regulation concerning the requisite authorisation can be found in this notice. Persons exempt from the authorisation requirements in EU financial law because their trading and investment services activities are only ancillary to their main business (Article 2(1)(i) of Directive 2004/39/EC), but who are authorised under national legislation implementing the rules laid down in the Auctioning Regulation. As is the case for investment firms and credit institutions, they may also bid on behalf of clients provided they are authorised by the national competent authority to do so. Information on the implementation by Member States of these provisions can be found in this notice.
Where investment firms, credit institutions or exempt persons bid on behalf of their clients, they shall ensure that those clients are themselves eligible to apply for admission to bid, i. e. are included in one of the categories above.
See Article 18 of the Auctioning Regulation for the precise wording on the above.
Unauthorised brokers are not eligible to apply for admission to bid, but could play a role in facilitating the formation of business groupings. An interesting and relatively easy business opportunity for a broker might be to form a European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) made up solely of operators and/or aircraft operators. This is a relatively cost-effective means of establishing a business grouping under EU law allowing for cross-border membership. Such an EEIG could then apply to be admitted to bid directly in the auctions and could appoint traders employed by the broker to act as their bidder's representative within the meaning of Article 6(3) of the Auctioning Regulation.
Neither the auctioneer nor the auction platform or its staff may apply for admission to bid.
The auction platform must consider each application for admission in order to prevent auctions being used as a vehicle for money laundering, terrorist financing, criminal activity or market abuse. The auction platform must carry out customer due diligence checks. Complete information on the admission process and criteria can be found on the websites of EEX and ICE.
The Auctioning Regulation thus strikes a balance between the objectives of openness, effective competition and mitigating the risk of money laundering, terrorist financing, criminal activity or market abuse.
How do bidders access the auctions?
Once admitted, bidders are able to access the auctions through the internet. The auction platforms also offer dedicated connections. EEX, furthermore, offers a possibility to submit bids by fax. Complete information on the means of access can be found on the websites of EEX and ICE.
How can SMEs and small emitters access the auctions?
SMEs covered by the EU ETS as well as small emitters can access the auctions directly after going through the due diligence checks. They may also access the auctions through an intermediary or form a business grouping to act as an agent on their behalf. This may offer them the advantage of minimal transaction costs as well as certainty on the price and quantity of allowances they wish to receive.
The design of the auctions has been made as simple as possible to facilitate participation by SMEs. For example, all successful bidders pay the same clearing price so that SMEs and small emitters will not be disadvantaged by having less knowledge than larger participants.
Both EEX and ICE have measures in place to facilitate access for SMEs covered by the EU ETS, as well as for small emitters.
Who is the auctioneer? What is its role?
Each Member State appointed an auctioneer to be able to auction its share of allowances. The auctioneer is responsible for offering the allowances to be auctioned to the auction platform on behalf of the appointing Member State. It also receives the auction proceeds and disburses these proceeds to the appointing Member State.
The auctioneer may be a private or public body. A list of auctioneers can be found under the Documentation tab at the top of this page.
What type of organisation is the auction platform?
The auction platform must be a regulated market authorised under EU financial markets legislation.
Regulated markets have been chosen because they are bound by EU law (the 'Markets in Financial Instruments' Directive and the 'Market Abuse' Directive) to provide a number of safeguards in the conduct of their operations. These safeguards include, among others, arrangements to identify and manage the potential adverse consequences of any conflicts of interest, to identify and manage risks that the market is exposed to, and to have transparent and non-discretionary rules and procedures for fair and orderly trading.
How does the Regulation ensure fair and orderly auctioning?
Fair and orderly auctioning is ensured, firstly, by provisions in the Auctioning Regulation on access to the auctions and on the determination and publication of the auction calendars. The auction platform is obliged to ensure that appropriate ‘know-your-customer’ checks are carried out before it grants admission to any potential bidder.
Secondly, the auction platform must be a regulated market, which ensures that it meets strict standards and will be supervised by the competent national authority for financial markets of the Member State in which it is located.
The Auctioning Regulation includes detailed provisions to mitigate the risk of anti-competitive behaviour. Depending on the product auctioned, the auctions will be covered either by the Market Abuse Directive or by detailed provisions that provide equivalent protection.
Finally, in order to ensure fair treatment of clients, the Auctioning Regulation lays down an authorisation requirement and rules of conduct for intermediaries in case they are not covered by the rules of conduct provided for in the EU Financial legislation. It is, however, optional for Member States to put in place a legal framework for the authorisation of such intermediaries.
More information on carbon market oversight is available on the page 'Ensuring the integrity of the European carbon market'.
Will there be an independent monitor of the auctions? How will it be chosen? What will its role be?
The Auctioning Regulation provides for a single independent auction monitor for all auctions on all auction platforms, to be chosen through a competitive procurement procedure conducted jointly by the Commission and all Member States.
The Auctioning Regulation foresees an integral role for the auction monitor in the oversight of the auctions. Each month, it is to submit a report to Member States and the Commission on all auctions conducted that month. It is to produce a consolidated annual report on the functioning of the auctions, including any evidence of anti-competitive behaviour, market abuse, money laundering, terrorist financing or criminal activity, and the impact of auctioning on the secondary market for allowances. Non-confidential versions of these reports will be published on the Commission's website.
The single auction monitor may also be asked to prepare ad hoc reports on a specific issue relating to auctioning. Furthermore, in light of a suspected breach of the regulation by an auction platform, the single auction monitor must draw up a report stating the nature of the breach, making recommendations to remedy the situation and, if appropriate, recommend the suspension of the auction platform.
Two procurement procedures were launched in 2018 and 2018 respectively, but the contract could not be awarded. The Commission and the Member States are currently assessing their options.
Who will supervise the auctions? How will this be done?
Auctions and auction platforms are supervised at various levels:
supervision of the organisation and conduct of auction platforms; supervision of the organisation and conduct of professional intermediaries bidding on behalf of clients; supervisions of transactions to prevent market abuse; supervision of transactions to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.
These different layers of supervision are interlinked and complementary.
Authorisation and supervision of an auction platform rests with the competent national authorities of the Member State in which an auction platform is located. The rules that apply to an auction platform's organisation and conduct are those of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (2004/39/EC) and of the Auctioning Regulation.
Professional intermediaries like investment firms, credit institutions or other persons authorised to bid in EU ETS auctions on behalf of others are also licensed and supervised by the relevant national (typically financial) authorities of the Member State where they are located. When bidding on behalf of clients in the auctions, such intermediaries have to abide by the rules set out in the Auctioning Regulation and/or in Directive 2004/39/EC.
Rules against market abuse, set out in the Auctioning Regulation and in the Market Abuse Directive (2003/6/EC), apply to behaviour and transactions of any bidder in the EU ETS auctions. On-going supervision in this area is primarily left to competent authorities of the Member State where an auction platform is located, but competent authorities of other Member States are also empowered to act and their involvement may be indispensable in cross-border investigations and enforcement.
The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) in the Member State where the auction platform is located is the competent national authority for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. It is responsible for supervising the auction platform and must ensure compliance of the auction platform with its obligations under the Auctioning Regulation in relation to customer due diligence, the monitoring and record keeping of the relationship with the bidders, surveillance of the auctions, and related notification requirements. The FIU in the Member State where the auction platform is located cooperates with other FIUs through the FIUs Platform and with the national law enforcement authorities in order to effectively prevent and sanction money laundering and terrorist financing, in accordance with Directive 2005/60/EC.
In addition, once appointed, the auction monitor will monitor and report to Member States and the Commission on the functioning of all auctions on all platforms, on the compliance of the auction processes with the objectives of the ETS Directive and the provisions of the Auctioning Regulation and on any evidence of anti-competitive behaviour or market abuse.
The supervision by the competent authorities and the auction monitor is without prejudice to the obligation on the auction platform to survey the auctions itself.
Who will pay for the auction process and the single auction monitor?
The costs of the auction process, including the costs of setting up the technical infrastructure, the actual conduct of the auctions and carrying out due diligence checks on bidders, will in general be paid for by the bidders through the fixed and variable fees they pay to an auction platform to participate in the auctions.
The costs of the single auction monitor will be deducted from the auction proceeds and will be borne by the Member States.
Is it foreseen to review the Auctioning Regulation in the light of experience?
Yes, the Auctioning Regulation will be reviewed following the annual auctioning report for the year 2018.
The review will be carried out in consultation with Member States and stakeholders. The Commission will put forward any measures deemed necessary to deal with any distortion or malfunctioning of the internal market or the carbon market arising from the arrangements under the Regulation with a view to their entry into force by 31 December 2018.
This does not preclude the findings of a wider, ongoing work stream pursuant to Article 12(1a) of the ETS Directive, which is examining whether the EU ETS allowances market is sufficiently protected from market abuse. This work is also concerned with organising the oversight of the European carbon market and securing the market integrity of auctioning and trading.
Were the opinions of stakeholders considered in the drawing up of the Auctioning Regulation? Has the Commission prepared an impact assessment?
Yes, all information on consultations held and on the Commission's impact assessment can be found on the consultation page.
Do other countries running cap and trade systems also auction allowances?
Yes, several other countries and regions auction allowances under emission trading schemes other than EU ETS, or are considering doing so. Further information can be found in the ICAP report. The annual volumes to be auctioned under the EU ETS are by far the largest, however.
Questions and Answers: Joint procurement of the single auction monitor and the common auction platform.
Where can information on the procurement procedures for the common auction platform or the auction monitor be found?
Contract Notices are always published on Tender Electronic Daily (TED), the electronic version of the supplement S to the Official Journal of the European Union. Full tender documents are made available on DG CLIMA's contracts and grants page.
The Commission has published a notice on the Member States' implementation of the Auctioning Regulation and on transparency measures with regard to the documents relating to the call for tenders. As set out in this notice, the Commission may publish draft tender documents in order to ensure maximum transparency and equal treatment during the procedure. The publication of such drafts does not constitute publication or advertising within the meaning of Article 103(1) of the Financial Regulation nor Articles 123, 124 and 125 of the Rules of Application. Any part of such drafts may be changed; the drafts are not binding on the Commission or the Member States taking part in the joint procurement. Only the notices and associated documents relating to the call for tenders published in the OJ shall be authentic.
The Commission is the sole contact point for candidates and tenderers. An nformation note sets out the rules for contacts with economic operators on matters pertaining to the joint procurement procedures.
The Contract Notice for the first common auction platform was published in OJ 2018/S 59-095297 of 24 March 2018, and the full tender documents are available on DG CLIMA's contracts and grants page.
The Prior Information Notice for the second common auction platform was published in OJ 2018/S 118-208551 of 21 June 2018. The Contract Notice for the second common auction platform was published in OJ 2018/S 211-372946 of 1 November 2018, and tender documents are available on DG CLIMA's contracts and grants page.
Two procurement procedures for a procurement of the auction monitor were launched in 2018 and 2018 respectively, but the contract could not be awarded. More information can be found on the contracts and grants webpage.
What is determined in the joint procurement agreements?
Two joint procurement agreements between the participating Member States and the Commission are in force, one for the procurement of the common auction platform and the other for the auction monitor. The agreements lay down the modalities for the conduct of these procurement procedures jointly by the Member States and the Commission.
Among other things, they provide that:
The Commission arranges the overall orientation, preparation and organisation of the joint procurement procedures; The Commission is the sole representative towards third parties and provides administrative support in the course of the joint procurements and the resulting contracts; The Member States, represented in a Joint Procurement Steering Committee (JPSC), provide steering input. Main decisions, notably the adoption of tender documents and award decisions, require prior approval by the (participating) Member States through qualified majority vote in the JPSC. Opt-out Member States may be given observer status in the procurement of the common auction platform(s) if they sign the Joint Procurement Agreement for the sole purpose of being able to make use of the auction platform(s) appointed pursuant to Article 26(1) and (2) of the Auctioning Regulation, in the absence of any listing of their own auction platform(s) in Annex III of the same Regulation. The Joint Procurement Agreement foresees a Contract Management Committee consisting of representatives from the Commission and the Member States to manage the contracts with the common auction platform(s) and the single auction monitor.
The procurement procedures themselves are conducted pursuant to the procurement rules in the Financial Regulation, which is the legal basis for procurement procedures carried out by the Commission.
Opt-out auction platforms.
What is the procedure for approving opt-out auction platforms?
After determining the details of its intended auction platform through a procurement procedure, a Member State opting out of the common auction platform(s) notifies its plans, including all relevant details, to the Commission. The Commission verifies that the auction platform satisfies the rules of the Auctioning Regulation and the objectives of the ETS Directive, and to determine whether obligations or conditions could be required for ensuring adequate coordination between the different auction platforms.
If the Commission is satisfied that the opt-out platform respects the rules and can be expected to achieve the objectives of the ETS Directive, it puts forward a draft amendment of the Auctioning Regulation to list the opt-out platform in an Annex to the Regulation. The adoption of this amendment follows the same procedure as the adoption of the Auctioning Regulation itself, including an opinion by the Member States represented in the Climate Change Committee, followed by a three-month scrutiny period for the Council and the European Parliament. The opt-out platform can start conducting auctions only when the amendment to list it has entered into force.
Under this procedure, EEX has been listed twice as Germany’s opt-out auction platform and ICE as the UK’s. Poland has yet to procure and notify its platform and is in the meantime auctioning on the common auction platform.
What happens to the allowances in question, in the absence of the listing of an opt-out auction platform?
In the absence of an opt-out auction platform being listed, the Member State concerned has to auction its share of allowances on the common auction platform, so as to ensure that the envisaged volume of allowances comes to the market as foreseen in the Auctioning Regulation. Pursuant to this rule, Poland had entered into a contract with EEX as transitional common auction platform and EEX started auctioning for Poland as of 16 September 2018. The continuation of the auctions for Poland is subject to the conclusion of bilateral arrangements between EEX and Poland.
Can a Member State give preferential treatment to its own industry? How is respect of the principle of non-discrimination ensured?
No, Member States cannot give preferential treatment to their own industry. All auction platforms must give all eligible bidders equal access to auctions and no preference can be given to companies registered in any particular Member State. The provision that any auction platform must be a regulated market helps to ensure that all participants are treated in a fair and non-discriminatory way.
Monitoring, reporting and verification of EU ETS emissions.
The monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions must be robust, transparent, consistent and accurate for the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) to operate effectively.
Annual compliance cycle.
The annual procedure of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), together with all the associated processes, is known as the ETS compliance cycle .
Industrial installations and aircraft operators covered by the EU ETS are required to have an approved monitoring plan for monitoring and reporting annual emissions. This plan is also part of the permit to operate required for industrial installations.
Every year, operators must submit an emissions report . The data for a given year must be verified by an accredited verifier by 31 March of the following year. Once verified, operators must surrender the equivalent number of allowances by 30 April of that year.
The rules related to the compliance cycle are set out in two regulations:
Guidance and support.
To promote administrative efficiency and a harmonised approach across countries, the European Commission provides templates as the basis for.
monitoring plans annual emission reports (including tonne-kilometre reporting by aviation operators) verification reports improvement reports.
Guidance, exemplars and further tools are also published to support correct understanding of the requirements of the regulations as well as promote more harmonised and cost-effective application throughout all ETS countries.
For more information, including Quick Guides that provide a summary of the main requirements and relevant guidance, templates exemplars and tools for each EU ETS responsibility, see the documentation tab.
Further tools for aviation operators.
Additional tools and guidance have been developed for aviation operators.
Small emitters (less than 25 000 tonnes of CO2 per year) can.
determine their fuel consumption and CO2 emissions using Eurocontrol's simplified monitoring tool verify their emissions using data from the ETS support facility, without any modification.
The Commission has also issued.
Guidelines to the national authorities on the detailed interpretation of the aviation activities that are within the scope of the EU ETS Guidance to verifiers , elaborating on some aviation-specific issues with a particular focus on reports of small non-commercial aircraft operators using Eurocontrol's small emitters’ tool.
Revision for phase 4 (2021-2030)
The European Commission presented in July 2018 a legislative proposal to revise the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) for the period after 2020.
This is the first step in delivering on the EU's target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% domestically by 2030 in line with the 2030 climate and energy policy framework and as part of its contribution to the Paris Agreement.
Increasing the pace of emissions cuts.
To achieve the at least 40% EU target, the sectors covered by the ETS have to reduce their emissions by 43% compared to 2005.
To this end, the overall number of emission allowances will decline at an annual rate of 2.2% from 2021 onwards, compared to 1.74% currently.
This amounts to an additional emissions reduction in the sectors covered by the ETS of some 556 million tonnes over the decade − equivalent to the annual emissions of the UK.
Better targeted carbon leakage rules.
The proposal further develops predictable, robust and fair rules to address the risk of carbon leakage.
Revising the system of free allocation to focus on sectors at highest risk of relocating their production outside the EU – around 50 sectors in total A considerable number of free allowances set aside for new and growing installations More flexible rules to better align the amount of free allowances with production figures Update of benchmarks to reflect technological advances since 2008.
It is expected that around 6.3 billion allowances will be allocated for free to companies over the period 2021-2030.
Funding low-carbon innovation and energy sector modernisation.
Several support mechanisms will be established to help the industry and the power sectors meet the innovation and investment challenges of the transition to a low-carbon economy.
These include two new funds:
Innovation Fund – extending existing support for the demonstration of innovative technologies to breakthrough innovation in industry Modernisation Fund – facilitating investments in modernising the power sector and wider energy systems and boosting energy efficiency in 10 lower-income Member States.
Free allowances will also continue to be available to modernise the energy sector in these lower-income Member States.
Stakeholder input.
Stakeholders were involved at various stages in the development of this proposal.
Extensive consultations were carried out in 2018, including.
Following these consultations and the analysis of EU climate policy targets for 2030, the Commission carried out an impact assessment.
The legislative proposal has been submitted to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions for further consideration under the ordinary legislative procedure.
The public had the possibility to provide feedback on the legislative proposal after it was adopted by the European Commission. Feedback was received from 85 stakeholders and a summary was presented to the European Parliament and the Council.
ETS Summer University.
The ETS Summer University project funded by the European Commission responds to the need for improved understanding of emissions trading as a climate policy instrument in developing countries and emerging economies.
The project provides support to future leaders to help build the capacity to design and manage emissions trading systems across the globe. It does so by combining in-person courses and an e-learning course .
ETS Training Courses.
The in-person courses provide an intensive introduction to all aspects of the design and implementation of emissions trading systems as a tool to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Two types of courses are organised under the auspices of the International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) since 2009:
The ICAP Summer Schools targeting a global audience take place in Europe typically in July. The call for applications is launched in April/May. The 2-week ETS Training Courses with a specific regional focus typically take place in April-May. The call for applications is launched in January/February.
The courses are open to participants from around the world . Between 25 and 30 highly qualified policy makers and stakeholders from the non-governmental, academic and private sectors are selected for each course.
Teachers include experienced decision makers from administrative authorities in ICAP member countries, representatives of educational and research institutions, market analysts and industry representatives.
Determination of the emissions cap and reduction targets Scope and coverage of a trading scheme Allocation methods Adequate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) Data collection and inventory generation Registry design and implementation Opportunities offered by linking systems Stakeholder engagement Competitiveness concerns Impacts on and responses from covered entities Offset mechanisms Market analysis and drivers.
How to apply:
The calls for applications are published on the ICAP website.
ETS Online Course.
The e-learning course is open to anyone interested in how emissions trading systems work.
The course covers the theory, design and operational considerations of emission trading systems, focusing particularly on the needs of developing countries.
It supports the development of best practice through the study of the major concepts and prominent case studies, including the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) as the world’s largest system.
The course is open to all levels of ETS learners and practitioners . It is particularly useful for policy makers and other environmental professionals.
How to take the course:
The online classes are free and accessible at any time on any computer with an Internet connection. Please note that Google Chrome or Adobe Flash 10 or above are required.
The course consists of 22 units:
Instrument Choice in Climate Policy: Theory and Practice.
Emissions Trading in the Policy Mix: Opportunities, Challenges and Policy Interactions.
Establishing an ETS: Design Elements and Choices.
Scope and Coverage.
Tools and Methodologies for Data Collection and Inventory Generation.
Allocating Allowances in an ETS Part I: Basics.
Allocating Allowances in an ETS Part II: Options, Implications and Experiences.
Establishing a Functioning Registry: Standards and Best Practices.
Monitoring, Reporting, Verification, Compliance and Enforcement.
Carbon Market Dynamics.
Balancing Supply and Demand: Addressing Uncertainty in Dynamic Markets.
Carbon Market Oversight.
Leakage and Competitiveness.
Stakeholder Outreach and Involvement.
Corporate Strategies to Manage Compliance and Risks.
International Climate Change Cooperation and Global Emission Trading.
EU ETS: Evolution and Experiences.
ETSs around the World.
Developing Countries in the Carbon Market: Specific Challenges and Market Readiness.
Administrative Structure for Emissions Trading: Ensuring Capacity for a Functioning Market.
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)
The EU Emissions Trading System explained.
The EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) is a cornerstone of the EU's policy to combat climate change and its key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. It is the world's first major carbon market and remains the biggest one.
operates in 31 countries (all 28 EU countries plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) limits emissions from more than 11,000 heavy energy-using installations (power stations & industrial plants) and airlines operating between these countries covers around 45% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.
For a detailed overview, see:
A 'cap and trade' system.
The EU ETS works on the 'cap and trade' principle.
A cap is set on the total amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be emitted by installations covered by the system. The cap is reduced over time so that total emissions fall .
Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed. They can also buy limited amounts of international credits from emission-saving projects around the world. The limit on the total number of allowances available ensures that they have a value.
After each year a company must surrender enough allowances to cover all its emissions, otherwise heavy fines are imposed. If a company reduces its emissions, it can keep the spare allowances to cover its future needs or else sell them to another company that is short of allowances.
Trading brings flexibility that ensures emissions are cut where it costs least to do so . A robust carbon price also promotes investment in clean, low-carbon technologies .
Key features of phase 3 (2018-2020)
The EU ETS is now in its third phase – significantly different from phases 1 and 2.
The main changes are:
A single, EU-wide cap on emissions applies in place of the previous system of national caps Auctioning is the default method for allocating allowances (instead of free allocation), and harmonised allocation rules apply to the allowances still given away for free More sectors and gases included 300 million allowances set aside in the New Entrants Reserve to fund the deployment of innovative renewable energy technologies and carbon capture and storage through the NER 300 programme.
Sectors and gases covered.
The system covers the following sectors and gases with the focus on emissions that can be measured, reported and verified with a high level of accuracy:
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from power and heat generation energy-intensive industry sectors including oil refineries, steel works and production of iron, aluminium, metals, cement, lime, glass, ceramics, pulp, paper, cardboard, acids and bulk organic chemicals commercial aviation nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from production of nitric, adipic and glyoxylic acids and glyoxal perfluorocarbons (PFCs) from aluminium production.
Participation in the EU ETS is mandatory for companies in these sectors , but.
in some sectors only plants above a certain size are included certain small installations can be excluded if governments put in place fiscal or other measures that will cut their emissions by an equivalent amount in the aviation sector, until 2018 the EU ETS applies only to flights between airports located in the European Economic Area (EEA).
Delivering emissions reductions.
The EU ETS has proved that putting a price on carbon and trading in it can work. Emissions from installations in the scheme are falling as intended – by around 5% compared to the beginning of phase 3 (2018) (see 2018 figures).
In 2020 , emissions from sectors covered by the system will be 21% lower than in 2005 .
Developing the carbon market.
Set up in 2005, the EU ETS is the world's first and biggest international emissions trading system, accounting for over three-quarters of international carbon trading.
The EU ETS is also inspiring the development of emissions trading in other countries and regions. The EU aims to link the EU ETS with other compatible systems.
Main EU ETS legislation.
30/04/2018 - Consolidated version of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 23/04/2009 - Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community 19/11/2008 - Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community 27/10/2004 - Directive 2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanisms 13/10/2003 - Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.
Carbon market reports.
23/11/2017 – COM(2017) 693 – Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 01/02/2017 - COM(2017) 48 - Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 18/11/2018 - COM(2018) 576 - Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 14/11/2018 - COM(2018) 652 - The state of the European carbon market in 2018.
Revision of the EU ETS for phase 3.
04/02/2018 - European Council conclusions of 4 February 2018 (see conclusions 23 and 24) 18/03/2018 - Guidance on interpretation of Annex I of the EU ETS Directive (excl. aviation activities) 18/03/2018 - Guidance paper to identify electricity generators 06/04/2009 - Council press release on the adoption of the climate and energy package 12/12/2008 - Presidency conclusions of the European Council (11 and 12 December 2008) 12/12/2008 - European Council Statement on the use of auction revenues 23/01/2008 - Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community 23/01/2008 - Commission staff working document - Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system - Impact assessment.
Implementação.
04/07/2018 - Amended Draft Regulation on determining international credit entitlements 05/06/2018 - Draft regulation on determining international credit entitlements 05/05/2018 Commission Regulation (EU) No 389/2018 of 2 May 2018 establishing a Union Registry pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Decisions No 280/2004/EC and No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulations (EU) No 920/2018 and No 1193/2018 Text with EEA relevance 18/11/2018 - Commission Regulation establishing a Union Registry for the trading period commencing on 1 January 2018, and subsequent trading periods, of the Union emissions trading scheme pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Regulations (EC) No 2216/2004 and (EU) No 920/2018 - not yet published in the Official Journal 07/10/2018 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 920/2018 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council - version not including changes brought by Regulation of 18 November 2018 08/10/2008 - Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council - version applicable until 31 December 2018 26/10/2007 - EEA Joint Committee Decision No 146/2007 linking the EU ETS with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein 13/11/2006 - Commission Decision 2006/780/EC on avoiding DOUBLE COUNTING of greenhouse gas emission reductions under the Community emissions trading scheme for project activities under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2006) 5362) 21/12/2004 - Consolidated version of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2216/2004 for a standardised and secured system of registries amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 916/2007 of 31 July 2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 of 8 October 2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 920/2018 of 7 October 2018 - version not including changes brought by Regulation of 18 November 2018.
Application of VAT.
Legislative History of Directive 2003/87/EC.
Work prior to the Commission proposal.
08/02/2000 - COM(2000) 87 - Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union Mandate and results of ECCP Working Group 1 : Flexible mechanisms 04/09/2001 - Chairman's Summary Record of Stakeholder consultation meeting (with Industry and Environmental NGOs) 19/05/1999 - COM(1999) 230 - Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol 03/06/1998 - COM(1998) 353 - Climate Change - Towards an EU Post-Kyoto Strategy Scope of the EU ETS: 07/2007 - Small Installations within the EU Emissions Trading System 10/2006 - Inclusion of additional activities and gases into the EU Emissions Trading System Further harmonisation and increased predictability: 12/2006 - The approach to new entrants and closures 10/2006 - Auctioning of CO2 emission allowances in the EU ETS 10/2006 - Harmonisation of allocation methodologies 12/2006 - Report on international competitiveness ECCP working group on emissions trading on the review of the EU ETS 15/06/2007 - Final report of the 4th meeting on Linking with Emission Trading Systems in Third Countries 22/05/2007 - Final report of the 3rd meeting on Further Harmonisation and Increased Predictability 26/04/2007 - Final Report of the 2nd meeting on Robust Compliance and Enforcement 09/03/2007 - Final Report of the 1st meeting on The Scope of the Directive.
Commission proposal of October 2001.
22/01/2002 - Non-paper on synergies between the EC emissions trading proposal (COM(2001)581) and the IPPC Directive 23/10/2001 - COM(2001) 581 - Proposal for a framework Directive for greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Community.
Commission's reaction to reading of the proposal in Council and Parliament (including Council's common position)
18/07/2003 - COM(2003) 463 - Opinion of the Commission on the European Parliament's amendments to the Council's common position regarding the proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 20/06/2003 - COM(2003) 364 - Commission Communication to the European Parliament concerning the Council's Common Position on the adoption of a Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 18/03/2003 - Common Position (EC) No 28/2003 - Council's Common Position on the adoption of a Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 27/11/2002 - COM(2002) 680 - Amended proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC Faq.
Open all questions.
Questions and Answers on the revised EU Emissions Trading System (December 2008)
What is the aim of emissions trading?
The aim of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is to help EU Member States achieve their commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way. Allowing participating companies to buy or sell emission allowances means that emission cuts can be achieved at least cost.
The EU ETS is the cornerstone of the EU's strategy for fighting climate change. It is the first international trading system for CO 2 emissions in the world and has been in operation since 2005. As of I January 2008 it applies not only to the 27 EU Member States, but also to the other three members of the European Economic Area – Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. It currently covers over 10,000 installations in the energy and industrial sectors which are collectively responsible for close to half of the EU's emissions of CO 2 and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions. An amendment to the EU ETS Directive agreed in July 2008 will bring the aviation sector into the system from 2018.
Como funciona o comércio de emissões?
The EU ETS is a 'cap and trade' system, that is to say it caps the overall level of emissions allowed but, within that limit, allows participants in the system to buy and sell allowances as they require. These allowances are the common trading 'currency' at the heart of the system. One allowance gives the holder the right to emit one tonne of CO 2 or the equivalent amount of another greenhouse gas. The cap on the total number of allowances creates scarcity in the market.
In the first and second trading period under the scheme, Member States had to draw up national allocation plans (NAPs) which determine their total level of ETS emissions and how many emission allowances each installation in their country receives. At the end of each year installations must surrender allowances equivalent to their emissions. Companies that keep their emissions below the level of their allowances can sell their excess allowances. Those facing difficulty in keeping their emissions in line with their allowances have a choice between taking measures to reduce their own emissions – such as investing in more efficient technology or using less carbon-intensive energy sources – or buying the extra allowances they need on the market, or a combination of the two. Such choices are likely to be determined by relative costs. In this way, emissions are reduced wherever it is most cost-effective to do so.
How long has the EU ETS been operating?
The EU ETS was launched on 1 January 2005. The first trading period ran for three years to the end of 2007 and was a 'learning by doing' phase to prepare for the crucial second trading period. The second trading period began on 1 January 2008 and runs for five years until the end of 2018. The importance of the second trading period stems from the fact that it coincides with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, during which the EU and other industrialised countries must meet their targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For the second trading period EU ETS emissions have been capped at around 6.5% below 2005 levels to help ensure that the EU as a whole, and Member States individually, deliver on their Kyoto commitments.
What are the main lessons learned from experience so far?
The EU ETS has put a price on carbon and proved that trading in greenhouse gas emissions works. The first trading period successfully established the free trading of emission allowances across the EU, put in place the necessary infrastructure and developed a dynamic carbon market. The environmental benefit of the first phase may be limited due to excessive allocation of allowances in some Member States and some sectors, due mainly to a reliance on emission projections before verified emissions data became available under the EU ETS. When the publication of verified emissions data for 2005 highlighted this “over-allocation”, the market reacted as would be expected by lowering the market price of allowances. The availability of verified emissions data has allowed the Commission to ensure that the cap on national allocations under the second phase is set at a level that results in real emission reductions.
Besides underlining the need for verified data, experience so far has shown that greater harmonisation within the EU ETS is imperative to ensure that the EU achieves its emissions reductions objectives at least cost and with minimal competitive distortions. The need for more harmonisation is clearest with respect to how the cap on overall emission allowances is set.
The first two trading periods also show that widely differing national methods for allocating allowances to installations threaten fair competition in the internal market. Furthermore, greater harmonisation, clarification and refinement are needed with respect to the scope of the system, the access to credits from emission-reduction projects outside the EU, the conditions for linking the EU ETS to emissions trading systems elsewhere and the monitoring, verification and reporting requirements.
What are the main changes to the EU ETS and as of when will they apply?
The agreed design changes will apply as of the third trading period, i. e. January 2018. While preparatory work will be initiated immediately, the applicable rules will not change until January 2018 to ensure that regulatory stability is maintained.
The EU ETS in the third period will be a more efficient, more harmonised and fairer system.
Increased efficiency is achieved by means of a longer trading period (8 years instead of 5 years), a robust and annually declining emissions cap (21% reduction in 2020 compared to 2005) and a substantial increase in the amount of auctioning (from less than 4% in phase 2 to more than half in phase 3).
More harmonisation has been agreed in many areas, including with respect to the cap-setting (an EU-wide cap instead of the national caps in phases 1 and 2) and the rules for transitional free allocation.
The fairness of the system has been substantially increased by the move towards EU-wide free allocation rules for industrial installations and by the introduction of a redistribution mechanism that entitles new Member States to auction more allowances.
How does the final text compare to the initial Commission proposal?
The climate and energy targets agreed by the 2007 Spring European Council have been maintained and the overall architecture of the Commission's proposal on the EU ETS remains intact. That is to say that there will be one EU-wide cap on the number of emission allowances and this cap will decrease annually along a linear trend line, which will continue beyond the end of the third trading period (2018-2020). The main difference as compared to the proposal is that auctioning of allowances will be phased in more slowly.
What are the main changes compared to the Commission's proposal?
In summary, the main changes that have been made to the proposal are as follows:
Certain Member States are allowed an optional and temporary derogation from the rule that no allowances are to be allocated free of charge to electricity generators as of 2018. This option to derogate is available to Member States which fulfil certain conditions related to the interconnectivity of their electricity grid, share of a single fossil fuel in electricity production, and GDP/capita in relation to the EU-27 average. In addition, the amount of free allowances that a Member State can allocate to power plants is limited to 70% of carbon dioxide emissions of relevant plants in phase 1 and declines in the years thereafter. Furthermore free allocation in phase 3 can only be given to power plants that are operational or under construction no later than end 2008. See reply to question 15 below. There will be more details in the Directive on the criteria to be used to determine the sectors or sub-sectors deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage , and an earlier date of publication of the Commission's list of such sectors (31 December 2009). Moreover, subject to review when a satisfactory international agreement is reached, installations in all exposed industries will receive 100% free allowances to the extent that they use the most efficient technology. The free allocation to industry is limited to the share of these industries' emissions in total emissions in 2005 to 2007. The total number of allowances allocated for free to installations in industry sectors will decline annually in line with the decline of the emissions cap. Member States may also compensate certain installations for CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices if the CO 2 costs might otherwise expose them to the risk of carbon leakage. The Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect. See reply to question 15 below. The level of auctioning of allowances for non-exposed industry will increase in a linear manner as proposed by the Commission, but rather than reaching 100% by 2020 it will reach 70%, with a view to reaching 100% by 2027. As foreseen in the Commission's proposal, 10% of the allowances for auctioning will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. A provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% of auctioned allowances to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. The share of auctioning revenues that Member States are recommended to use to fight and adapt to climate change mainly within the EU, but also in developing countries, is raised from 20% to 50%. The text provides for a top-up to the proposed permitted level of use of JI/CDM credits in the 20% scenario for existing operators that received the lowest budgets to import and use such credits in relation to allocations and access to credits in the period 2008-2018. New sectors, new entrants in the periods 2018-2020 and 2008-2018 will also be able to use credits. The total amount of credits that may be used will, however, not exceed 50% of the reduction between 2008 and 2020. Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement, the Commission could allow additional access to CERs and ERUs for operators in the Community scheme. See reply to question 20 below. The proceeds from auctioning 300 million allowances from the new entrants reserve will be used to support up to 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects and projects demonstrating innovative renewable energy technologies. A number of conditions are attached to this financing mechanism. See reply to question 30 below. The possibility to opt-out small combustion installations provided they are subject to equivalent measures has been extended to cover all small installations irrespective of activity, the emission threshold has been raised from 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes of CO 2 per year, and the capacity threshold that combustion installations have to fulfil in addition has been raised from 25MW to 35MW. With these increased thresholds, the share of covered emissions that would potentially be excluded from the emissions trading system becomes significant, and consequently a provision has been added to allow for a corresponding reduction of the EU-wide cap on allowances.
Will there still be national allocation plans (NAPs)?
No. In their NAPs for the first (2005-2007) and the second (2008-2018) trading periods, Member States determined the total quantity of allowances to be issued – the cap – and how these would be allocated to the installations concerned. This approach has generated significant differences in allocation rules, creating an incentive for each Member State to favour its own industry, and has led to great complexity.
As from the third trading period, there will be a single EU-wide cap and allowances will be allocated on the basis of harmonised rules. National allocation plans will therefore not be needed any more.
How will the emission cap in phase 3 be determined?
The rules for calculating the EU-wide cap are as follows:
From 2018, the total number of allowances will decrease annually in a linear manner. The starting point of this line is the average total quantity of allowances (phase 2 cap) to be issued by Member States for the 2008-12 period, adjusted to reflect the broadened scope of the system from 2018 as well as any small installations that Member States have chosen to exclude. The linear factor by which the annual amount shall decrease is 1.74% in relation to the phase 2 cap.
The starting point for determining the linear factor of 1.74% is the 20% overall reduction of greenhouse gases compared to 1990, which is equivalent to a 14% reduction compared to 2005. However, a larger reduction is required of the EU ETS because it is cheaper to reduce emissions in the ETS sectors. The division that minimises overall reduction cost amounts to:
a 21% reduction in EU ETS sector emissions compared to 2005 by 2020; a reduction of around 10% compared to 2005 for the sectors that are not covered by the EU ETS.
The 21% reduction in 2020 results in an ETS cap in 2020 of a maximum of 1720 million allowances and implies an average phase 3 cap (2018 to 2020) of some 1846 million allowances and a reduction of 11% compared to the phase 2 cap.
All absolute figures indicated correspond to the coverage at the start of the second trading period and therefore don't take account of aviation, which will be added in 2018, and other sectors that will be added in phase 3.
The final figures for the annual emission caps in phase 3 will be determined and published by the Commission by 30 September 2018.
How will the emission cap beyond phase 3 be determined?
The linear factor of 1.74% used to determine the phase 3 cap will continue to apply beyond the end of the trading period in 2020 and will determine the cap for the fourth trading period (2021 to 2028) and beyond. It may be revised by 2025 at the latest. In fact, significant emission reductions of 60%-80% compared to 1990 will be necessary by 2050 to reach the strategic objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
An EU-wide cap on emission allowances will be determined for each individual year. Will this reduce flexibility for the installations concerned?
No, flexibility for installations will not be reduced at all. In any year, the allowances to be auctioned and distributed have to be issued by the competent authorities by 28 February. The last date for operators to surrender allowances is 30 April of the year following the year in which the emissions took place. So operators receive allowances for the current year before they have to surrender allowances to cover their emissions for the previous year. Allowances remain valid throughout the trading period and any surplus allowances can now be "banked" for use in subsequent trading periods. In this respect nothing will change.
The system will remain based on trading periods, but the third trading period will last eight years, from 2018 to 2020, as opposed to five years for the second phase from 2008 to 2018.
For the second trading period Member States generally decided to allocate equal total quantities of allowances for each year. The linear decrease each year from 2018 will correspond better to expected emissions trends over the period.
What are the tentative annual ETS cap figures for the period 2018 to 2020?
The tentative annual cap figures are as follows:
These figures are based on the scope of the ETS as applicable in phase 2 (2008 to 2018), and the Commission's decisions on the national allocation plans for phase 2, amounting to 2083 million tonnes. These figures will be adjusted for several reasons. Firstly, adjustment will be made to take into account the extensions of the scope in phase 2, provided that Member States substantiate and verify their emissions accruing from these extensions. Secondly, adjustment will be made with respect to further extensions of the scope of the ETS in the third trading period. Thirdly, any opt-out of small installations will lead to a corresponding reduction of the cap. Fourthly, the figures do not take account of the inclusion of aviation, nor of emissions from Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.
Will allowances still be allocated for free?
Sim. Industrial installations will receive transitional free allocation. And in those Member States that are eligible for the optional derogation, power plants may, if the Member State so decides, also receive free allowances. It is estimated that at least half of the available allowances as of 2018 will be auctioned.
While the great majority of allowances has been allocated free of charge to installations in the first and second trading periods, the Commission proposed that auctioning of allowances should become the basic principle for allocation. This is because auctioning best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investments in a low-carbon economy. It best complies with the “polluter pays principle” and avoids giving windfall profits to certain sectors that have passed on the notional cost of allowances to their customers despite receiving them for free.
How will allowances be handed out for free?
By 31 December 2018, the Commission will adopt EU-wide rules, which will be developed under a committee procedure (“Comitology”). These rules will fully harmonise allocations and thus all firms across the EU with the same or similar activities will be subject to the same rules. The rules will ensure as far as possible that the allocation promotes carbon-efficient technologies. The adopted rules provide that to the extent feasible, allocations are to be based on so-called benchmarks, e. g. a number of allowances per quantity of historical output. Such rules reward operators that have taken early action to reduce greenhouse gases, better reflect the polluter pays principle and give stronger incentives to reduce emissions, as allocations would no longer depend on historical emissions. All allocations are to be determined before the start of the third trading period and no ex-post adjustments will be allowed.
Which installations will receive free allocations and which will not? How will negative impacts on competitiveness be avoided?
Taking into account their ability to pass on the increased cost of emission allowances, full auctioning is the rule from 2018 onwards for electricity generators. However, Member States who fulfil certain conditions relating to their interconnectivity or their share of fossil fuels in electricity production and GDP per capita in relation to the EU-27 average, have the option to temporarily deviate from this rule with respect to existing power plants. The auctioning rate in 2018 is to be at least 30% in relation to emissions in the first period and has to increase progressively to 100% no later than 2020. If the option is applied, the Member State has to undertake to invest in improving and upgrading of the infrastructure, in clean technologies and in diversification of their energy mix and sources of supply for an amount to the extent possible equal to the market value of the free allocation.
In other sectors, allocations for free will be phased out progressively from 2018, with Member States agreeing to start at 20% auctioning in 2018, increasing to 70% auctioning in 2020 with a view to reaching 100% in 2027. However, an exception will be made for installations in sectors that are found to be exposed to a significant risk of 'carbon leakage'. This risk could occur if the EU ETS increased production costs so much that companies decided to relocate production to areas outside the EU that are not subject to comparable emission constraints. The Commission will determine the sectors concerned by 31 December 2009. To do this, the Commission will assess inter alia whether the direct and indirect additional production costs induced by the implementation of the ETS Directive as a proportion of gross value added exceed 5% and whether the total value of its exports and imports divided by the total value of its turnover and imports exceeds 10%. If the result for either of these criteria exceeds 30%, the sector would also be considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. Installations in these sectors would receive 100% of their share in the annually declining total quantity of allowances for free. The share of these industries' emissions is determined in relation to total ETS emissions in 2005 to 2007.
CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices could also expose certain installations to the risk of carbon leakage. In order to avoid such risk, Member States may grant a compensation with respect to such costs. In the absence of an international agreement on climate change, the Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect.
Under an international agreement which ensures that competitors in other parts of the world bear a comparable cost, the risk of carbon leakage may well be negligible. Therefore, by 30 June 2018, the Commission will carry out an in-depth assessment of the situation of energy-intensive industry and the risk of carbon leakage, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations and also taking into account any binding sectoral agreements that may have been concluded. The report will be accompanied by any proposals considered appropriate. These could potentially include maintaining or adjusting the proportion of allowances received free of charge to industrial installations that are particularly exposed to global competition or including importers of the products concerned in the ETS.
Who will organise the auctions and how will they be carried out?
Member States will be responsible for ensuring that the allowances given to them are auctioned. Each Member State has to decide whether it wants to develop its own auctioning infrastructure and platform or whether it wants to cooperate with other Member States to develop regional or EU-wide solutions. The distribution of the auctioning rights to Member States is largely based on emissions in phase 1 of the EU ETS, but a part of the rights will be redistributed from richer Member States to poorer ones to take account of the lower GDP per head and higher prospects for growth and emissions among the latter. It is still the case that 10% of the rights to auction allowances will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. However, a provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. Nine Member States benefit from this provision.
Any auctioning must respect the rules of the internal market and must therefore be open to any potential buyer under non-discriminatory conditions. By 30 June 2018, the Commission will adopt a Regulation (through the comitology procedure) that will provide the appropriate rules and conditions for ensuring efficient, coordinated auctions without disturbing the allowance market.
How many allowances will each Member State auction and how is this amount determined?
All allowances which are not allocated free of charge will be auctioned. A total of 88% of allowances to be auctioned by each Member State is distributed on the basis of the Member State's share of historic emissions under the EU ETS. For purposes of solidarity and growth, 12% of the total quantity is distributed in a way that takes into account GDP per capita and the achievements under the Kyoto-Protocol.
Which sectors and gases are covered as of 2018?
The ETS covers installations performing specified activities. Since the start it has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and factories making cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently only covers carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands, which has opted in emissions from nitrous oxide.
As from 2018, the scope of the ETS will be extended to also include other sectors and greenhouse gases. CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. The capture, transport and geological storage of all greenhouse gas emissions will also be covered. These sectors will receive allowances free of charge according to EU-wide rules, in the same way as other industrial sectors already covered.
As of 2018, aviation will also be included in the EU ETS.
Will small installations be excluded from the scope?
A large number of installations emitting relatively low amounts of CO 2 are currently covered by the ETS and concerns have been raised over the cost-effectiveness of their inclusion. As from 2018, Member States will be allowed to remove these installations from the ETS under certain conditions. The installations concerned are those whose reported emissions were lower than 25 000 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent in each of the 3 years preceding the year of application. For combustion installations, an additional capacity threshold of 35MW applies. In addition Member States are given the possibility to exclude installations operated by hospitals. The installations may be excluded from the ETS only if they will be covered by measures that will achieve an equivalent contribution to emission reductions.
How many emission credits from third countries will be allowed?
For the second trading period, Member States allowed their operators to use significant quantities of credits generated by emission-saving projects undertaken in third countries to cover part of their emissions in the same way as they use ETS allowances. The revised Directive extends the rights to use these credits for the third trading period and allows a limited additional quantity to be used in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-wide reductions over the period 2008-2020. For existing installations, and excluding new sectors within the scope, this will represent a total level of access of approximately 1.6 billion credits over the period 2008-2020. In practice, this means that existing operators will be able to use credits up to a minimum of 11% of their allocation during the period 2008-2018, while a top-up is foreseen for operators with the lowest sum of free allocation and allowed use of credits in the 2008-2018 period. New sectors and new entrants in the third trading period will have a guaranteed minimum access of 4.5% of their verified emissions during the period 2018-2020. For the aviation sector, the minimum access will be 1.5%. The precise percentages will be determined through comitology.
These projects must be officially recognised under the Kyoto Protocol’s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (covering projects carried out in countries with an emissions reduction target under the Protocol) or Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (for projects undertaken in developing countries). Credits from JI projects are known as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) while those from CDM projects are called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
On the quality side only credits from project types eligible for use in the EU trading scheme during the period 2008-2018 will be accepted in the period 2018-2020. Furthermore, from 1 January 2018 measures may be applied to restrict the use of specific credits from project types. Such a quality control mechanism is needed to assure the environmental and economic integrity of future project types.
To create greater flexibility, and in the absence of an international agreement being concluded by 31 December 2009, credits could be used in accordance with agreements concluded with third countries. The use of these credits should however not increase the overall number beyond 50% of the required reductions. Such agreements would not be required for new projects that started from 2018 onwards in Least Developed Countries.
Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement , additional access to credits could be allowed, as well as the use of additional types of project credits or other mechanisms created under the international agreement. However, once an international agreement has been reached, from January 2018 onwards only credits from projects in third countries that have ratified the agreement or from additional types of project approved by the Commission will be eligible for use in the Community scheme.
Will it be possible to use credits from carbon ‘sinks’ like forests?
No. Before making its proposal, the Commission analysed the possibility of allowing credits from certain types of land use, land-use change and forestry (‘LULUCF’) projects which absorb carbon from the atmosphere. It concluded that doing so could undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS, for the following reasons:
LULUCF projects cannot physically deliver permanent emissions reductions. Insufficient solutions have been developed to deal with the uncertainties, non-permanence of carbon storage and potential emissions 'leakage' problems arising from such projects. The temporary and reversible nature of such activities would pose considerable risks in a company-based trading system and impose great liability risks on Member States. The inclusion of LULUCF projects in the ETS would require a quality of monitoring and reporting comparable to the monitoring and reporting of emissions from installations currently covered by the system. This is not available at present and is likely to incur costs which would substantially reduce the attractiveness of including such projects. The simplicity, transparency and predictability of the ETS would be considerably reduced. Moreover, the sheer quantity of potential credits entering the system could undermine the functioning of the carbon market unless their role were limited, in which case their potential benefits would become marginal.
The Commission, the Council and the European Parliament believe that global deforestation can be better addressed through other instruments. For example, using part of the proceeds from auctioning allowances in the EU ETS could generate additional means to invest in LULUCF activities both inside and outside the EU, and may provide a model for future expansion. In this respect the Commission has proposed to set up the Global Forest Carbon Mechanism that would be a performance-based system for financing reductions in deforestation levels in developing countries.
Besides those already mentioned, are there other credits that could be used in the revised ETS?
Sim. Projects in EU Member States which reduce greenhouse gas emissions not covered by the ETS could issue credits. These Community projects would need to be managed according to common EU provisions set up by the Commission in order to be tradable throughout the system. Such provisions would be adopted only for projects that cannot be realised through inclusion in the ETS. The provisions will seek to ensure that credits from Community projects do not result in double-counting of emission reductions nor impede other policy measures to reduce emissions not covered by the ETS, and that they are based on simple, easily administered rules.
Are there measures in place to ensure that the price of allowances won't fall sharply during the third trading period?
A stable and predictable regulatory framework is vital for market stability. The revised Directive makes the regulatory framework as predictable as possible in order to boost stability and rule out policy-induced volatility. Important elements in this respect are the determination of the cap on emissions in the Directive well in advance of the start of the trading period, a linear reduction factor for the cap on emissions which continues to apply also beyond 2020 and the extension of the trading period from 5 to 8 years. The sharp fall in the allowance price during the first trading period was due to over-allocation of allowances which could not be “banked” for use in the second trading period. For the second and subsequent trading periods, Member States are obliged to allow the banking of allowances from one period to the next and therefore the end of one trading period is not expected to have any impact on the price.
A new provision will apply as of 2018 in case of excessive price fluctuations in the allowance market. If, for more than six consecutive months, the allowance price is more than three times the average price of allowances during the two preceding years on the European market, the Commission will convene a meeting with Member States. If it is found that the price evolution does not correspond to market fundamentals, the Commission may either allow Member States to bring forward the auctioning of a part of the quantity to be auctioned, or allow them to auction up to 25% of the remaining allowances in the new entrant reserve.
The price of allowances is determined by supply and demand and reflects fundamental factors like economic growth, fuel prices, rainfall and wind (availability of renewable energy) and temperature (demand for heating and cooling) etc. A degree of uncertainty is inevitable for such factors. The markets, however, allow participants to hedge the risks that may result from changes in allowances prices.
Are there any provisions for linking the EU ETS to other emissions trading systems?
Sim. One of the key means to reduce emissions more cost-effectively is to enhance and further develop the global carbon market. The Commission sees the EU ETS as an important building block for the development of a global network of emission trading systems. Linking other national or regional cap-and-trade emissions trading systems to the EU ETS can create a bigger market, potentially lowering the aggregate cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The increased liquidity and reduced price volatility that this would entail would improve the functioning of markets for emission allowances. This may lead to a global network of trading systems in which participants, including legal entities, can buy emission allowances to fulfil their respective reduction commitments.
The EU is keen to work with the new US Administration to build a transatlantic and indeed global carbon market to act as the motor of a concerted international push to combat climate change.
While the original Directive allows for linking the EU ETS with other industrialised countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the new rules allow for linking with any country or administrative entity (such as a state or group of states under a federal system) which has established a compatible mandatory cap-and-trade system whose design elements would not undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS. Where such systems cap absolute emissions, there would be mutual recognition of allowances issued by them and the EU ETS.
What is a Community registry and how does it work?
Registries are standardised electronic databases ensuring the accurate accounting of the issuance, holding, transfer and cancellation of emission allowances. As a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol in its own right, the Community is also obliged to maintain a registry. This is the Community Registry, which is distinct from the registries of Member States. Allowances issued from 1 January 2018 onwards will be held in the Community registry instead of in national registries.
Will there be any changes to monitoring, reporting and verification requirements?
The Commission will adopt a new Regulation (through the comitology procedure) by 31 December 2018 governing the monitoring and reporting of emissions from the activities listed in Annex I of the Directive. A separate Regulation on the verification of emission reports and the accreditation of verifiers should specify conditions for accreditation, mutual recognition and cancellation of accreditation for verifiers, and for supervision and peer review as appropriate.
What provision will be made for new entrants into the market?
Five percent of the total quantity of allowances will be put into a reserve for new installations or airlines that enter the system after 2018 (“new entrants”). The allocations from this reserve should mirror the allocations to corresponding existing installations.
A part of the new entrant reserve, amounting to 300 million allowances, will be made available to support the investments in up to 12 demonstration projects using the carbon capture and storage technology and demonstration projects using innovative renewable energy technologies. There should be a fair geographical distribution of the projects.
In principle, any allowances remaining in the reserve shall be distributed to Member States for auctioning. The distribution key shall take into account the level to which installations in Member States have benefited from this reserve.
What has been agreed with respect to the financing of the 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects requested by a previous European Council?
The European Parliament's Environment Committee tabled an amendment to the EU ETS Directive requiring allowances in the new entrant reserve to be set aside in order to co-finance up to 12 demonstration projects as requested by the European Council in spring 2007. This amendment has later been extended to include also innovative renewable energy technologies that are not commercially viable yet. Projects shall be selected on the basis of objective and transparent criteria that include requirements for knowledge sharing. Support shall be given from the proceeds of these allowances via Member States and shall be complementary to substantial co-financing by the operator of the installation. No project shall receive support via this mechanism that exceeds 15% of the total number of allowances (i. e. 45 million allowances) available for this purpose. The Member State may choose to co-finance the project as well, but will in any case transfer the market value of the attributed allowances to the operator, who will not receive any allowances.
A total of 300 million allowances will therefore be set aside until 2018 for this purpose.
What is the role of an international agreement and its potential impact on EU ETS?
When an international agreement is reached, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council assessing the nature of the measures agreed upon in the international agreement and their implications, in particular with respect to the risk of carbon leakage. On the basis of this report, the Commission shall then adopt a legislative proposal amending the present Directive as appropriate.
For the effects on the use of credits from Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism projects, please see the reply to question 20.
Quais são os próximos passos?
Member States have to bring into force the legal instruments necessary to comply with certain provisions of the revised Directive by 31 December 2009. This concerns the collection of duly substantiated and verified emissions data from installations that will only be covered by the EU ETS as from 2018, and the national lists of installations and the allocation to each one. For the remaining provisions, the national laws, regulations and administrative provisions only have to be ready by 31 December 2018.
The Commission has already started the work on implementation. For example, the collection and analysis of data for use in relation to carbon leakage is ongoing (list of sectors due end 2009). Work is also ongoing to prepare the Regulation on timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning (due by June 2018), the harmonised allocation rules (due end 2018) and the two Regulations on monitoring and reporting of emissions and verification of emissions and accreditation of verifiers (due end 2018).
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